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Python爬虫入门BeautifulSoup模块

Python爬虫模块入门 BeautifulSoup
2023-09-14 09:07:13 时间

BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup是一个模块,该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串,
然后将其进行格式化,之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素,
从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。

安装:

pip install BeautifulSoup4

导入:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

beautifulsoup简单示例:

    soup = BeautifulSoup(text, features="html.parser")

    # 返回第一个对象
    v1 = soup.find("div")
    v1 = soup.find(id="i1")
    v1 = soup.find("div", id="i1") # 组合使用

    # 返回对象列表
    v2 = soup.find_all("div")
    v2 = soup.find_all(id="i1")
    v2 = soup.find_all("div", id="i1") # 组合使用

    tag.text # 获取文本
    tag.attrs("href") # 获取属性

代码示例

    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

    html_doc = """
    <html>
        <head>
            <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
        </head>
    <body>
    asdf
        <div class="title">
            <b>The Dormouse's story总共</b>
            <h1>f</h1>
        </div>
    <div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
        <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,
        <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
        <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
    and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>
    ad<br/>sf
    <p class="story">...</p>
    </body>
    </html>
    """

    soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

    # 找到第一个a标签
    tag1 = soup.find(name='a')

    # 找到所有的a标签
    tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')

    # 找到id=link2的标签
    tag3 = soup.select('#link2')

1、 name,标签名称

    tag = soup.find('a')
    name = tag.name # 获取
    print(name)

    tag.name = 'span' # 设置
    print(soup)

2、 attrs,标签属性

    tag = soup.find('a')
    attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取
    print(attrs)

    tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 设置
    tag.attrs['id'] = 'value' # 设置
    print(soup)

3、 children,所有子标签

    body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.children

4、 descendants,所有子子孙孙标签

    body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.descendants

5、 clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空(保留标签名)

    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.clear()
    print(soup)

6、decompose,递归的删除所有的标签

    body = soup.find('body')
    body.decompose()
    print(soup)

7、extract,递归的删除所有的标签,并获取删除的标签

    body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.extract()
    print(soup)

8、 decode,转换为字符串(含当前标签);decode_contents(不含当前标签)

    body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.decode()
    v = body.decode_contents()
    print(v)

9、encode,转换为字节(含当前标签);encode_contents(不含当前标签)

    body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.encode()
    v = body.encode_contents()
    print(v)

10、find,获取匹配的第一个标签

    tag = soup.find('a')
    print(tag)
    tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'},
        recursive=True, text='Lacie')

    tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister',
        recursive=True, text='Lacie')

    print(tag)

11、find_all,获取匹配的所有标签

    tags = soup.find_all('a')
    print(tags)

    tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)
    print(tags)

    tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'},
        recursive=True, text='Lacie')

    tags = soup.find_all(name='a', class_='sister',
        recursive=True, text='Lacie')

    print(tags)


    ####### 列表 #######
    v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])
    print(v)

    v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])
    print(v)

    v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie'])
    print(v, type(v[0]))


    v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2'])
    print(v)

    v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2'])
    print(v)

    ####### 正则 #######
    import re
    rep = re.compile('p')
    rep = re.compile('^p') # 所有以p开头
    v = soup.find_all(name=rep)
    print(v)

    rep = re.compile('sister.*')
    v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)
    print(v)

    rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*')
    v = soup.find_all(href=rep)
    print(v)

    ####### 方法筛选 #######
    def func(tag):
        return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id')

    v = soup.find_all(name=func)
    print(v)


    ## get,获取标签属性
    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.get('id')
    print(v)

12、has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性

    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.has_attr('id')
    print(v)

13、get_text,获取标签内部文本内容

    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.get_text()
    print(v)

14、index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

    tag = soup.find('body')
    v = tag.index(tag.find('div'))
    print(v)

    tag = soup.find('body')
    for i, v in enumerate(tag):
        print(i,v)

15、 is_empty_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签,

    # 判断是否是如下标签:
    # 'br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta','spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'

    tag = soup.find('br')
    v = tag.is_empty_element
    print(v)

16、 当前的关联标签

    tag.next
    tag.next_element
    tag.next_elements
    tag.next_sibling
    tag.next_siblings

    tag.previous
    tag.previous_element
    tag.previous_elements
    tag.previous_sibling
    tag.previous_siblings

    tag.parent
    tag.parents

    tag.children
    tag.descendants

17、查找某标签的关联标签

    tag.find_next(...)
    tag.find_all_next(...)
    tag.find_next_sibling(...)
    tag.find_next_siblings(...)

    tag.find_previous(...)
    tag.find_all_previous(...)
    tag.find_previous_sibling(...)
    tag.find_previous_siblings(...)

    tag.find_parent(...)
    tag.find_parents(...)

    # 参数同find_all

18、 select,select_one, CSS选择器

    soup.select("title")

    soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")

    soup.select("body a")

    soup.select("html head title")

    tag = soup.select("span,a")

    soup.select("head > title")

    soup.select("p > a")

    soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")

    soup.select("p > #link1")

    soup.select("body > a")

    soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")

    soup.select("#link1 + .sister")

    soup.select(".sister")

    soup.select("[class~=sister]")

    soup.select("#link1")

    soup.select("a#link2")

    soup.select('a[href]')

    soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')

    soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')

    soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')

    soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')


    from bs4.element import Tag

    def default_candidate_generator(tag):
        for child in tag.descendants:
            if not isinstance(child, Tag):
                continue
            if not child.has_attr('href'):
                continue
            yield child

    tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)
    print(type(tags), tags)

    from bs4.element import Tag

    def default_candidate_generator(tag):
        for child in tag.descendants:
            if not isinstance(child, Tag):
                continue
            if not child.has_attr('href'):
                continue
            yield child

    tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)
    print(type(tags), tags)

19、 标签的内容

    tag = soup.find('span')
    print(tag.string)          # 获取
    tag.string = 'new content' # 设置
    print(soup)

    tag = soup.find('body')
    print(tag.string)
    tag.string = 'xxx'
    print(soup)

    tag = soup.find('body')
    v = tag.stripped_strings  # 递归内部获取所有标签的文本
    print(v)

20、append在当前标签内部追加一个标签

    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.append(soup.find('a'))
    print(soup)

    from bs4.element import Tag

    obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.append(obj)
    print(soup)

21、insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签

    from bs4.element import Tag

    obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.insert(2, obj)
    print(soup)

22、 insert_after,insert_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入

    from bs4.element import Tag

    obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.insert_before(obj)
    tag.insert_after(obj)
    print(soup)

23、 replace_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签

    from bs4.element import Tag

    obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('div')
    tag.replace_with(obj)
    print(soup)

24、 创建标签之间的关系

    tag = soup.find('div')
    a = soup.find('a')
    tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)
    print(tag.previous_sibling)

25、wrap,将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来

    from bs4.element import Tag

    obj1 = Tag(name='div', attrs={'id': 'it'})
    obj1.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.wrap(obj1)
    print(soup)

    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.wrap(soup.find('p'))
    print(soup)

26、 unwrap,去掉当前标签,将保留其包裹的标签

    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.unwrap()
    print(soup)

参考:

  1. 武沛齐:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6283017.html

  2. 官方文档:http://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/v4.4.0/