Java Spring各种依赖注入注解的区别
直观上看起来,@Autowired是Spring提供的注解,其他几个都是JDK本身内建的注解,Spring对这些注解也进行了支持。但是使用起来这三者到底有什么区别呢?笔者经过方法的测试,发现一些有意思的特性。
区别总结如下:
一、@Autowired有个required属性,可以配置为false,这种情况下如果没有找到对应的bean是不会抛异常的。@Inject和@Resource没有提供对应的配置,所以必须找到否则会抛异常。
二、 @Autowired和@Inject基本是一样的,因为两者都是使用AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor来处理 依赖注入。但是@Resource是个例外,它使用的是CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor来处理依赖注入。当然,两者 都是BeanPostProcessor。
@Autowired和@Inject - 默认 autowired by type - 可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name。 - 如果 autowired by type 失败(找不到或者找到多个实现),则退化为autowired by field name @Resource - 默认 autowired by field name - 如果 autowired by field name失败,会退化为 autowired by type - 可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name - 如果 autowired by qualifier name失败,会退化为 autowired by field name。但是这时候如果 autowired by field name失败,就不会再退化为autowired by type了。
TIPS Qualified name VS Bean name
在Spring设计中,Qualified name并不等同于Bean name,后者必须是唯一的,但是前者类似于tag或者group的作用,对特定的bean进行分类。可以达到getByTag(group)的效果。对 于XML配置的bean,可以通过id属性指定bean name(如果没有指定,默认使用类名首字母小写),通过标签指定qualifier name:
如果是通过注解方式,那么可以通过@Qualifier注解指定qualifier name,通过@Named或者@Component(@Service,@Repository等)的value值指定bean name:
@Component("lamborghini") @Qualifier("luxury") public class Lamborghini implements Car {或者
@Component @Named("lamborghini") @Qualifier("luxury") public class Lamborghini implements Car {同样,如果没有指定bean name,那么Spring会默认是用类名首字母小写(Lamborghini= lamborghini)。
三、 通过Anotation注入依赖的方式在XML注入方式之前进行。如果对同一个bean的依赖同时使用了两种注入方式,那么XML的优先。但是不同担心通过Anotation注入的依赖没法注入XML中配置的bean,依赖注入是在bean的注册之后进行的。
四、目前的autowired by type方式(笔者用的是3.2.3.RELEASE版本),Spring的AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor 实现都是有”bug”的,也就是说@Autowired和@Inject都是有坑的(称之为坑,不称之为bug是因为貌似是故意的。。)。这是来源于线上 的一个bug,也是这边文章的写作原因。现场如下:
application-context.xml中有如下定义:其中static-field应用的常量定义在如下类中:
package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired; public interface Constants { public interface Language { public static final String EN = "CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH"; public static final String JP = "CommonConstants.LANG_JAPANESE"; public static final String IND = "CommonConstants.LANG_INDONESIAN"; public static final String PT = "CommonConstants.LANG_PORTUGUESE"; public static final String TH = "CommonConstants.LANG_THAI"; public static final String EN_RIN = "CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH_INDIA"; public static final String AR = "CommonConstants.LANG_Arabic";然后如果我们在代码中如下声明依赖:
public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase { @Autowired private Map String, String languageChangesMap; @Test public void testAutowired() { notNull(languageChangesMap); System.out.println(languageChangesMap.getClass().getSimpleName()); System.out.println(languageChangesMap);Guess what,诡异的事情发生了!
运行结果如下:LinkedHashMap {en=CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH, ja=CommonConstants.LANG_JAPANESE, ind=CommonConstants.LANG_INDONESIAN, pt=CommonConstants.LANG_PORTUGUESE, th=CommonConstants.LANG_THAI, ar=CommonConstants.LANG_Arabic, en-rIn=CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH_INDIA}也就是说Map
严重: Caught exception while allowing TestExecutionListener [org.springframework.test.context.support.DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener@5c51ee0a] to prepare test instance [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest@6e301e0] org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest: Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private java.util.Map me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest.languageChangesMap; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency : expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}... ed by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency : expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:986) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:843) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:768) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:486) ... 28 moredebug了一下,发现确实是Spring的一个bug。在DefaultListableBeanFactory的这个方法出问题了:
protected Object doResolveDependency(DependencyDescriptor descriptor, Class ? type, String beanName, Set autowiredBeanNames, TypeConverter typeConverter) throws BeansException { ... else if (Map.class.isAssignableFrom(type) type.isInterface()) { Class ? keyType = descriptor.getMapKeyType(); if (keyType == null || !String.class.isAssignableFrom(keyType)) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { throw new FatalBeanException("Key type [" + keyType + "] of map [" + type.getName() + "] must be assignable to [java.lang.String]"); return null; Class ? valueType = descriptor.getMapValueType(); if (valueType == null) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { throw new FatalBeanException("No value type declared for map [" + type.getName() + "]"); return null; Map String, Object matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, valueType, descriptor); if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(valueType, "map with value type " + valueType.getName(), descriptor); return null; if (autowiredBeanNames != null) { autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet()); return matchingBeans; ...关键在这一句:Map
严重: Caught exception while allowing TestExecutionListener [org.springframework.test.context.support.DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener@9476189] to prepare test instance [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest@2d546e21] Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency : expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true), @org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier(value=languageChangesMap)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:986) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:843) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:768) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:486) ... 28 moredebug了一下,发现跟没有指定qualifie name是一样的执行路径。不是指定了bean name了吗?为什么还是autowired by type呢?仔细查看了一下才发现。DefaultListableBeanFactory的doResolveDependency方法对首先对类型做 了区别:
protected Object doResolveDependency(DependencyDescriptor descriptor, Class ? type, String beanName, Set autowiredBeanNames, TypeConverter typeConverter) throws BeansException { Object value = getAutowireCandidateResolver().getSuggestedValue(descriptor); if (value != null) { if (value instanceof String) { String strVal = resolveEmbeddedValue((String) value); BeanDefinition bd = (beanName != null containsBean(beanName) ? getMergedBeanDefinition(beanName) : null); value = evaluateBeanDefinitionString(strVal, bd); TypeConverter converter = (typeConverter != null ? typeConverter : getTypeConverter()); return (descriptor.getField() != null ? converter.convertIfNecessary(value, type, descriptor.getField()) : converter.convertIfNecessary(value, type, descriptor.getMethodParameter())); if (type.isArray()) { Class ? componentType = type.getComponentType(); Map String, Object matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, componentType, descriptor); if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(componentType, "array of " + componentType.getName(), descriptor); return null; if (autowiredBeanNames != null) { autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet()); TypeConverter converter = (typeConverter != null ? typeConverter : getTypeConverter()); return converter.convertIfNecessary(matchingBeans.values(), type); else if (Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(type) type.isInterface()) { Class ? elementType = descriptor.getCollectionType(); if (elementType == null) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { throw new FatalBeanException("No element type declared for collection [" + type.getName() + "]"); return null; Map String, Object matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, elementType, descriptor); if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(elementType, "collection of " + elementType.getName(), descriptor); return null; if (autowiredBeanNames != null) { autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet()); TypeConverter converter = (typeConverter != null ? typeConverter : getTypeConverter()); return converter.convertIfNecessary(matchingBeans.values(), type); else if (Map.class.isAssignableFrom(type) type.isInterface()) { Class ? keyType = descriptor.getMapKeyType(); if (keyType == null || !String.class.isAssignableFrom(keyType)) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { throw new FatalBeanException("Key type [" + keyType + "] of map [" + type.getName() + "] must be assignable to [java.lang.String]"); return null; Class ? valueType = descriptor.getMapValueType(); if (valueType == null) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { throw new FatalBeanException("No value type declared for map [" + type.getName() + "]"); return null; Map String, Object matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, valueType, descriptor); if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(valueType, "map with value type " + valueType.getName(), descriptor); return null; if (autowiredBeanNames != null) { autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet()); return matchingBeans; else { Map String, Object matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, type, descriptor); if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { if (descriptor.isRequired()) { raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(type, "", descriptor); return null; if (matchingBeans.size() 1) { String primaryBeanName = determinePrimaryCandidate(matchingBeans, descriptor); if (primaryBeanName == null) { throw new NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException(type, matchingBeans.keySet()); if (autowiredBeanNames != null) { autowiredBeanNames.add(primaryBeanName); return matchingBeans.get(primaryBeanName); // We have exactly one match. Map.Entry String, Object entry = matchingBeans.entrySet().iterator().next(); if (autowiredBeanNames != null) { autowiredBeanNames.add(entry.getKey()); return entry.getValue();如果是Array,Collection或者Map,则根据集合类中元素的类型来进行autowired by type(Map使用value的类型)。为什么这么特殊处理呢?原来,Spring是为了达到这样的目的:让你可以一次注入所有符合类型的实现,也就是 说可以这样子注入:
@Autowired private List cars;如果你的car有多个实现,那么都会注入进来,不会再报
org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Car] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [audi, toyota]. 然而,上面的情况如果你用@Resource则不会有这个问题: public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase { @Resource @Qualifier("languageChangesMap") private Map String, String languageChangesMap; @Test public void testAutowired() { assertNotNull(languageChangesMap); System.out.println(languageChangesMap.getClass().getSimpleName()); System.out.println(languageChangesMap);正常运行:
LinkedHashMap {pt=pt, br=pt, jp=ja, ja=ja, ind=ind, id=ind, en-rin=en-rIn, in=en-rIn, en=en, gb=en, th=th, ar=ar, eg=ar}当然,你如果不指定@Qualifier(“languageChangesMap”),同时field name不是languageChangesMap,那么还是一样报错的。
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency : expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@javax.annotation.Resource(shareable=true, mappedName=, description=, name=, type=class java.lang.Object, authenticationType=CONTAINER, lookup=)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:986) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:843) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:768) at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.autowireResource(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:438) at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.getResource(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:416) at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$ResourceElement.getResourceToInject(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:550) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata$InjectedElement.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:150) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:87) at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:303) ... 26 more而且,@Resource也可以实现上面的List接收所有实现:
public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase { @Resource @Qualifier("languageChangesMap") private Map String, String languageChangesMap; @Resource private List cars; @Test public void testAutowired() { assertNotNull(languageChangesMap); System.out.println(languageChangesMap.getClass().getSimpleName()); System.out.println(languageChangesMap); assertNotNull(cars); System.out.println(cars.getClass().getSimpleName()); System.out.println(cars);运行的妥妥的:
LinkedHashMap {pt=pt, br=pt, jp=ja, ja=ja, ind=ind, id=ind, en-rin=en-rIn, in=en-rIn, en=en, gb=en, th=th, ar=ar, eg=ar} ArrayList [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Audi@579584da, me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Toyota@19453122]这是因为@Resource注解使用的是CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor处理器,跟 AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor不是同一个作者[/偷笑]。这里就不分析了,感兴趣的同学可以自己看代码研究 一下。
最终结论如下:
1、@Autowired和@Inject
autowired by type 可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name(非集合类。注意:不是autowired by bean name!)
如果 autowired by type 失败(找不到或者找到多个实现),则退化为autowired by field name(非集合类)
2、@Resource
默认 autowired by field name
如果 autowired by field name失败,会退化为 autowired by type
可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name
如果 autowired by qualifier name失败,会退化为 autowired by field name。但是这时候如果 autowired by field name失败,就不会再退化为autowired by type了
测试工程保存在GitHub上,是标准的maven工程,感兴趣的同学可以clone到本地运行测试一下。
补充
有同事指出Spring官方文档上有这么一句话跟我的结有点冲突:
However, although you can use this convention to refer to specific beans by name, @Autowired is fundamentally about type-driven injection with optional semantic qualifiers. This means that qualifier values, even with the bean name fallback, always have narrowing semantics within the set of type matches; they do not semantically express a reference to a unique bean id.
也就是说@Autowired即使加了@Qualifier注解,其实也是autowired by type。@Qualifier只是一个限定词,过滤条件而已。重新跟进了一下代码,发现确实是这样子的。Spring设计的这个 @Qualifier name 并不等同于 bean name。他有点类似于一个tag。不过如果这个tag是唯一的化,那么其实效果上等同于bean name。实现上,Spring是先getByType,得到list candicates,然后再根据qualifier name进行过滤。
再定义一个兰博基尼,这里使用@Qualifier指定:package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component @Qualifier("luxury") public class Lamborghini implements Car {再定义一个劳斯莱斯,这里故意用@Named指定:
package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired; import javax.inject.Named; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component @Named("luxury") public class RollsRoyce implements Car {测试一下注入定义的豪华车:
package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired; import static junit.framework.Assert.assertNotNull; import java.util.List; import me.arganzheng.study.BaseSpringTestCase; import org.junit.Test; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; * @author zhengzhibin public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase { @Autowired @Qualifier("luxury") private List luxuryCars; @Test public void testAutowired() { assertNotNull(luxuryCars); System.out.println(luxuryCars.getClass().getSimpleName()); System.out.println(luxuryCars);运行结果如下:
ArrayList [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Lamborghini@66b875e1, me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.RollsRoyce@58433b76]补充:Autowiring modes
Spring支持四种autowire模式,当使用XML配置方式时,你可以通过autowire属性指定。no. (Default) No autowiring. Bean references must be defined via a ref element. Changing the default setting is not recommended for larger deployments, because specifying collaborators explicitly gives greater control and clarity. To some extent, it documents the structure of a system. byName. Autowiring by property name. Spring looks for a bean with the same name as the property that needs to be autowired. For example, if a bean definition is set to autowire by name, and it contains a master property (that is, it has a setMaster(..) method), Spring looks for a bean definition named master, and uses it to set the property. byType. Allows a property to be autowired if exactly one bean of the property type exists in the container. If more than one exists, a fatal exception is thrown, which indicates that you may not use byType autowiring for that bean. If there are no matching beans, nothing happens; the property is not set. constructor. Analogous to byType, but applies to constructor arguments. If there is not exactly one bean of the constructor argument type in the container, a fatal error is raised.如果使用@Autowired、@Inject或者@Resource注解的时候,则稍微复杂一些,会有一个失败退化过程,并且引入了Qualifier。不过基本原理是一样。
原创文章,作者:ItWorker,如若转载,请注明出处:https://blog.ytso.com/57563.html
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