Caesar Cipher, by Al Sweigart email@protected
Do you want to (e)ncrypt or (d)ecrypt?
> e
Please enter the key (0 to 25) to use.
> 4
Enter the message to encrypt.
> Meet me by the rose bushes tonight.
QIIX QI FC XLI VSWI FYWLIW XSRMKLX.
Full encrypted text copied to clipboard.

Caesar Cipher, by Al Sweigart email@protected
Do you want to (e)ncrypt or (d)ecrypt?
> d
Please enter the key (0 to 26) to use.
> 4
Enter the message to decrypt.
> QIIX QI FC XLI VSWI FYWLIW XSRMKLX.
MEET ME BY THE ROSE BUSHES TONIGHT.
Full decrypted text copied to clipboard.

"""Caesar Cipher, by Al Sweigart email@protected
The Caesar cipher is a shift cipher that uses addition and subtraction
to encrypt and decrypt letters.
More info at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher
View this code at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-projects
Tags: short, beginner, cryptography, math"""

try:
   import pyperclip  # pyperclip copies text to the clipboard.
except ImportError:
    pass  # If pyperclip is not installed, do nothing. It's no big deal.

# Every possible symbol that can be encrypted/decrypted:
# (!) You can add numbers and punctuation marks to encrypt those
# symbols as well.
SYMBOLS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

print('Caesar Cipher, by Al Sweigart email@protected')
print('The Caesar cipher encrypts letters by shifting them over by a')
print('key number. For example, a key of 2 means the letter A is')
print('encrypted into C, the letter B encrypted into D, and so on.')
print()

# Let the user enter if they are encrypting or decrypting:
while True:  # Keep asking until the user enters e or d.
    print('Do you want to (e)ncrypt or (d)ecrypt?')
    response = input('> ').lower()
    if response.startswith('e'):
        mode = 'encrypt'
        break
    elif response.startswith('d'):
        mode = 'decrypt'
        break
    print('Please enter the letter e or d.')

# Let the user enter the key to use:
while True:  # Keep asking until the user enters a valid key.
    maxKey = len(SYMBOLS) - 1
    print('Please enter the key (0 to {}) to use.'.format(maxKey))
    response = input('> ').upper()
    if not response.isdecimal():
        continue

    if 0 <= int(response) < len(SYMBOLS):
        key = int(response)
        break

# Let the user enter the message to encrypt/decrypt:
print('Enter the message to {}.'.format(mode))
message = input('> ')

# Caesar cipher only works on uppercase letters:
message = message.upper()

# Stores the encrypted/decrypted form of the message:
translated = ''

# Encrypt/decrypt each symbol in the message:
for symbol in message:
    if symbol in SYMBOLS:
        # Get the encrypted (or decrypted) number for this symbol.
        num = SYMBOLS.find(symbol)  # Get the number of the symbol.
        if mode == 'encrypt':
            num = num + key
        elif mode == 'decrypt':
            num = num - key

        # Handle the wrap-around if num is larger than the length of
        # SYMBOLS or less than 0:
        if num >= len(SYMBOLS):
            num = num - len(SYMBOLS)
        elif num < 0:
            num = num + len(SYMBOLS)

        # Add encrypted/decrypted number's symbol to translated:
        translated = translated + SYMBOLS[num]
    else:
        # Just add the symbol without encrypting/decrypting:
        translated = translated + symbol

# Display the encrypted/decrypted string to the screen:
print(translated)

try:
    pyperclip.copy(translated)
    print('Full {}ed text copied to clipboard.'.format(mode))
except:
    pass  # Do nothing if pyperclip wasn't installed. 

Caesar Cipher Hacker, by Al Sweigart email@protected
Enter the encrypted Caesar cipher message to hack.
> QIIX QI FC XLI VSWI FYWLIW XSRMKLX.
Key #0: QIIX QI FC XLI VSWI FYWLIW XSRMKLX.
Key #1: PHHW PH EB WKH URVH EXVKHV WRQLJKW.
Key #2: OGGV OG DA VJG TQUG DWUJGU VQPKIJV.
Key #3: NFFU NF CZ UIF SPTF CVTIFT UPOJHIU.
Key #4: MEET ME BY THE ROSE BUSHES TONIGHT.
Key #5: LDDS LD AX SGD QNRD ATRGDR SNMHFGS.
Key #6: KCCR KC ZW RFC PMQC ZSQFCQ RMLGEFR.
`--snip--`

"""Caesar Cipher Hacker, by Al Sweigart email@protected
This programs hacks messages encrypted with the Caesar cipher by doing
a brute force attack against every possible key.
More info at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher#Breaking_the_cipher
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: tiny, beginner, cryptography, math"""

print('Caesar Cipher Hacker, by Al Sweigart email@protected')

# Let the user specify the message to hack:
print('Enter the encrypted Caesar cipher message to hack.')
message = input('> ')

# Every possible symbol that can be encrypted/decrypted:
# (This must match the SYMBOLS used when encrypting the message.)
SYMBOLS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

for key in range(len(SYMBOLS)):  # Loop through every possible key.
    translated = ''

    # Decrypt each symbol in the message:
    for symbol in message:
        if symbol in SYMBOLS:
            num = SYMBOLS.find(symbol)  # Get the number of the symbol.
            num = num - key  # Decrypt the number.

            # Handle the wrap-around if num is less than 0:
            if num < 0:
                num = num + len(SYMBOLS)

            # Add decrypted number's symbol to translated:
            translated = translated + SYMBOLS[num]
        else:
            # Just add the symbol without decrypting:
            translated = translated + symbol

    # Display the key being tested, along with its decrypted text:
    print('Key #{}: {}'.format(key, translated)) 

Calendar Maker, by Al Sweigart email@protected
Enter the year for the calendar:
> 2029
Enter the month for the calendar, 1-12:
> 12
                                  December 2029
...Sunday.....Monday....Tuesday...Wednesday...Thursday....Friday....Saturday..
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|25        |26        |27        |28        |29        |30        | 1        |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 2        | 3        | 4        | 5        | 6        | 7        | 8        |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 9        |10        |11        |12        |13        |14        |15        |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|16        |17        |18        |19        |20        |21        |22        |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|23        |24        |25        |26        |27        |28        |29        |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|30        |31        | 1        | 2        | 3        | 4        | 5        |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
|          |          |          |          |          |          |          |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

Saved to calendar_2029_12.txt

"""Calendar Maker, by Al Sweigart email@protected
Create monthly calendars, saved to a text file and fit for printing.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: short"""

import datetime

# Set up the constants:
DAYS = ('Sunday', 'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday',
       'Friday', 'Saturday')
MONTHS = ('January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July',
         'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December')

print('Calendar Maker, by Al Sweigart email@protected')

while True:  # Loop to get a year from the user.
   print('Enter the year for the calendar:')
   response = input('> ')

   if response.isdecimal() and int(response) > 0:
       year = int(response)
       break

   print('Please enter a numeric year, like 2023.')
   continue

while True:  # Loop to get a month from the user.
   print('Enter the month for the calendar, 1-12:')
   response = input('> ')

   if not response.isdecimal():
       print('Please enter a numeric month, like 3 for March.')
       continue

   month = int(response)
   if 1 <= month <= 12:
       break

   print('Please enter a number from 1 to 12.')


def getCalendarFor(year, month):
   calText = ''  # calText will contain the string of our calendar.

   # Put the month and year at the top of the calendar:
   calText += (' ' * 34) + MONTHS[month - 1] + ' ' + str(year) + '\n'

   # Add the days of the week labels to the calendar:
   # (!) Try changing this to abbreviations: SUN, MON, TUE, etc.
   calText += '...Sunday.....Monday....Tuesday...Wednesday...Thursday....Friday....Saturday..\n'

   # The horizontal line string that separate weeks:
   weekSeparator = ('+----------' * 7) + '+\n'

   # The blank rows have ten spaces in between the | day separators:
   blankRow = ('|          ' * 7) + '|\n'

   # Get the first date in the month. (The datetime module handles all
   # the complicated calendar stuff for us here.)
   currentDate = datetime.date(year, month, 1)

   # Roll back currentDate until it is Sunday. (weekday() returns 6
   # for Sunday, not 0.)
   while currentDate.weekday() != 6:
       currentDate -= datetime.timedelta(days=1)

   while True:  # Loop over each week in the month.
       calText += weekSeparator

       # dayNumberRow is the row with the day number labels:
       dayNumberRow = ''
       for i in range(7):
           dayNumberLabel = str(currentDate.day).rjust(2)
           dayNumberRow += '|' + dayNumberLabel + (' ' * 8)
           currentDate += datetime.timedelta(days=1) # Go to next day.
       dayNumberRow += '|\n'  # Add the vertical line after Saturday.

       # Add the day number row and 3 blank rows to the calendar text.
       calText += dayNumberRow
       for i in range(3):  # (!) Try changing the 4 to a 5 or 10.
           calText += blankRow

       # Check if we're done with the month:
       if currentDate.month != month:
           break

   # Add the horizontal line at the very bottom of the calendar.
   calText += weekSeparator
   return calText


calText = getCalendarFor(year, month)
print(calText)  # Display the calendar.

# Save the calendar to a text file:
calendarFilename = 'calendar_{}_{}.txt'.format(year, month)
with open(calendarFilename, 'w') as fileObj:
   fileObj.write(calText)

print('Saved to ' + calendarFilename) 

Carrot in a Box, by Al Sweigart email@protected
`--snip--`
Human player 1, enter your name: Alice
Human player 2, enter your name: Bob
HERE ARE TWO BOXES:
  __________     __________
 /         /|   /         /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
|   RED   | |  |   GOLD  | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/
   Alice           Bob

Alice, you have a RED box in front of you.
Bob, you have a GOLD box in front of you.
Press Enter to continue...
`--snip--`
When Bob has closed their eyes, press Enter...
Alice here is the inside of your box:

   ___VV____
  |   VV    |
  |   VV    |
  |___||____|    __________
 /    ||   /|   /         /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
|   RED   | |  |   GOLD  | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/
 (carrot!)
   Alice           Bob
Press Enter to continue...
`--snip--`

"""Carrot in a Box, by Al Sweigart email@protected
A silly bluffing game between two human players. Based on the game
from the show, 8 Out of 10 Cats.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: large, beginner, game, two-player"""

import random

print('''Carrot in a Box, by Al Sweigart email@protected

This is a bluffing game for two human players. Each player has a box.
One box has a carrot in it. To win, you must have the box with the
carrot in it.

This is a very simple and silly game.

The first player looks into their box (the second player must close
their eyes during this.) The first player then says "There is a carrot
in my box" or "There is not a carrot in my box". The second player then
gets to decide if they want to swap boxes or not.
''')
input('Press Enter to begin...')

p1Name = input('Human player 1, enter your name: ')
p2Name = input('Human player 2, enter your name: ')
playerNames = p1Name[:11].center(11) + '    ' + p2Name[:11].center(11)

print('''HERE ARE TWO BOXES:
 __________     __________
/         /|   /         /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
|   RED   | |  |   GOLD  | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/''')

print()
print(playerNames)
print()
print(p1Name + ', you have a RED box in front of you.')
print(p2Name + ', you have a GOLD box in front of you.')
print()
print(p1Name + ', you will get to look into your box.')
print(p2Name.upper() + ', close your eyes and don\'t look!!!')
input('When ' + p2Name + ' has closed their eyes, press Enter...')
print()

print(p1Name + ' here is the inside of your box:')

if random.randint(1, 2) == 1:
   carrotInFirstBox = True
else:
   carrotInFirstBox = False

if carrotInFirstBox:
   print('''
  ___VV____
 |   VV    |
 |   VV    |
 |___||____|    __________
/    ||   /|   /         /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
|   RED   | |  |   GOLD  | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/
(carrot!)''')
   print(playerNames)
else:
   print('''
  _________
 |         |
 |         |
 |_________|    __________
/         /|   /         /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
|   RED   | |  |   GOLD  | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/
(no carrot!)''')
   print(playerNames)

input('Press Enter to continue...')

print('\n' * 100)  # Clear the screen by printing several newlines.
print(p1Name + ', tell ' + p2Name + ' to open their eyes.')
input('Press Enter to continue...')

print()
print(p1Name + ', say one of the following sentences to ' + p2Name + '.')
print('  1) There is a carrot in my box.')
print('  2) There is not a carrot in my box.')
print()
input('Then press Enter to continue...')

print()
print(p2Name + ', do you want to swap boxes with ' + p1Name + '? YES/NO')
while True:
   response = input('> ').upper()
   if not (response.startswith('Y') or response.startswith('N')):
       print(p2Name + ', please enter "YES" or "NO".')
    else:
        break

firstBox = 'RED '  # Note the space after the "D".
secondBox = 'GOLD'

if response.startswith('Y'):
    carrotInFirstBox = not carrotInFirstBox
    firstBox, secondBox = secondBox, firstBox

print('''HERE ARE THE TWO BOXES:
  __________     __________
 /         /|   /         /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
| {} | |  | {} | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/'''.format(firstBox, secondBox))
print(playerNames)

input('Press Enter to reveal the winner...')
print()

if carrotInFirstBox:
    print('''
   ___VV____      _________
  |   VV    |    |         |
  |   VV    |    |         |
  |___||____|    |_________|
 /    ||   /|   /         /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
| {} | |  | {} | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/'''.format(firstBox, secondBox))

else:
    print('''
   _________      ___VV____
  |         |    |   VV    |
  |         |    |   VV    |
  |_________|    |___||____|
 /         /|   /    ||   /|
+---------+ |  +---------+ |
| {} | |  | {} | |
|   BOX   | /  |   BOX   | /
+---------+/   +---------+/'''.format(firstBox, secondBox))

print(playerNames)

# This modification made possible through the 'carrotInFirstBox variable
if carrotInFirstBox:
    print(p1Name + ' is the winner!')
else:
    print(p2Name + ' is the winner!')

print('Thanks for playing!') 

Cho-Han, by Al Sweigart email@protected

In this traditional Japanese dice game, two dice are rolled in a bamboo
cup by the dealer sitting on the floor. The player must guess if the
dice total to an even (cho) or odd (han) number.

You have 5000 mon. How much do you bet? (or QUIT)
> 400
The dealer swirls the cup and you hear the rattle of dice.
The dealer slams the cup on the floor, still covering the
dice and asks for your bet.

    CHO (even) or HAN (odd)?
> cho
The dealer lifts the cup to reveal:
   GO - GO
     5 - 5
You won! You take 800 mon.
The house collects a 40 mon fee.
`--snip--`

"""Cho-Han, by Al Sweigart email@protected
The traditional Japanese dice game of even-odd.
View this code athttps://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-projects
Tags: short, beginner, game"""

import random, sys

JAPANESE_NUMBERS = {1: 'ICHI', 2: 'NI', 3: 'SAN',
                   4: 'SHI', 5: 'GO', 6: 'ROKU'}

print('''Cho-Han, by Al Sweigart email@protected

In this traditional Japanese dice game, two dice are rolled in a bamboo
cup by the dealer sitting on the floor. The player must guess if the
dice total to an even (cho) or odd (han) number.
''')

purse = 5000
while True:  # Main game loop.
    # Place your bet:
    print('You have', purse, 'mon. How much do you bet? (or QUIT)')
    while True:
        pot = input('> ')
        if pot.upper() == 'QUIT':
            print('Thanks for playing!')
            sys.exit()
        elif not pot.isdecimal():
            print('Please enter a number.')
        elif int(pot) > purse:
            print('You do not have enough to make that bet.')
        else:
            # This is a valid bet.
            pot = int(pot)  # Convert pot to an integer.
            break  # Exit the loop once a valid bet is placed.

    # Roll the dice.
    dice1 = random.randint(1, 6)
    dice2 = random.randint(1, 6)

    print('The dealer swirls the cup and you hear the rattle of dice.')
    print('The dealer slams the cup on the floor, still covering the')
    print('dice and asks for your bet.')
    print()
    print('    CHO (even) or HAN (odd)?')

    # Let the player bet cho or han:
    while True:
        bet = input('> ').upper()
        if bet != 'CHO' and bet != 'HAN':
            print('Please enter either "CHO" or "HAN".')
            continue
        else:
            break

    # Reveal the dice results:
    print('The dealer lifts the cup to reveal:')
    print('  ', JAPANESE_NUMBERS[dice1], '-', JAPANESE_NUMBERS[dice2])
    print('    ', dice1, '-', dice2)

    # Determine if the player won:
    rollIsEven = (dice1 + dice2) % 2 == 0
    if rollIsEven:
        correctBet = 'CHO'
    else:
        correctBet = 'HAN'

    playerWon = bet == correctBet

    # Display the bet results:
    if playerWon:
        print('You won! You take', pot, 'mon.')
        purse = purse + pot  # Add the pot from player's purse.
        print('The house collects a', pot // 10, 'mon fee.')
        purse = purse - (pot // 10)  # The house fee is 10%.
    else:
        purse = purse - pot  # Subtract the pot from player's purse.
        print('You lost!')

    # Check if the player has run out of money:
    if purse == 0:
        print('You have run out of money!')
        print('Thanks for playing!')
        sys.exit()