Python3.8 标准库 —— The Python Standard Library

三十多类三百多个库，太多了吧只能按需取用，都学太耗时了。目前在学习过程中只接触过20多个标准库，还有几个第三方库。

文本处理服务
string --- 常见的字符串操作
re --- 正则表达式操作
difflib --- 计算差异的辅助工具
textwrap --- 文本自动换行与填充
unicodedata --- Unicode 数据库
stringprep --- 因特网字符串预备
readline --- GNU readline 接口
rlcompleter --- GNU readline 的补全函数

二进制数据服务
struct --- 将字节串解读为打包的二进制数据
codecs --- 编解码器注册和相关基类

数据类型
datetime --- 基本的日期和时间类型
calendar --- 日历相关函数
time --- 时间相关函数
collections --- 容器数据类型
collections.abc --- 容器的抽象基类
heapq --- 堆队列算法
bisect --- 数组二分查找算法
array --- 高效的数值数组
weakref --- 弱引用
types --- 动态类型创建和内置类型名称
copy --- 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作
pprint --- 数据美化输出
reprlib --- 另一种 repr() 实现
enum --- 对枚举的支持

数字和数学模块
numbers --- 数字的抽象基类
math --- 数学函数
cmath --- 关于复数的数学函数
decimal --- 十进制定点和浮点运算
fractions --- 分数
random --- 生成伪随机数
statistics --- 数学统计函数

函数式编程模块
itertools --- 为高效循环而创建迭代器的函数
functools --- 高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作
operator --- 标准运算符替代函数

文件和目录访问
pathlib --- 面向对象的文件系统路径
os.path --- 常用路径操作
fileinput --- 迭代来自多个输入流的行
stat --- 解析 stat() 结果
filecmp --- 文件及目录的比较
tempfile --- 生成临时文件和目录
glob --- Unix 风格路径名模式扩展
fnmatch --- Unix 文件名模式匹配
linecache --- 随机读写文本行
shutil --- 高阶文件操作

数据持久化
pickle --- Python 对象序列化
copyreg --- 注册配合 pickle 模块使用的函数
shelve --- Python 对象持久化
marshal --- 内部 Python 对象序列化
dbm --- Unix "数据库" 接口
sqlite3 --- SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块

数据压缩和存档
zlib --- 与 gzip 兼容的压缩
gzip --- 对 gzip 格式的支持
bz2 --- 对 bzip2 压缩算法的支持
lzma --- 用 LZMA 算法压缩
zipfile --- 使用ZIP存档
tarfile --- 读写tar归档文件

文件格式
csv --- CSV 文件读写
configparser --- 配置文件解析器
netrc --- netrc 文件处理
xdrlib --- 编码与解码 XDR 数据
plistlib --- 生成与解析 Mac OS X .plist 文件

加密服务
hashlib --- 安全哈希与消息摘要
hmac --- 基于密钥的消息验证
secrets --- 生成安全随机数字用于管理密码

通用操作系统服务
os --- 多种操作系统接口
io --- 处理流的核心工具
time --- 时间的访问和转换
argparse --- 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器
getopt --- C 风格的命令行选项解析器
logging --- Python 的日志记录工具
logging.config --- 日志记录配置
logging.handlers --- 日志处理
getpass --- 便携式密码输入工具
curses --- 终端字符单元显示的处理
curses.textpad --- 用于 curses 程序的文本输入控件
curses.ascii --- 用于 ASCII 字符的工具
curses.panel --- curses 的 panel 栈扩展
platform --- 获取底层平台的标识数据
errno --- 标准 errno 系统符号
ctypes --- Python 的外部函数库

并发执行
threading --- 基于线程的并行
multiprocessing --- 基于进程的并行
multiprocessing.shared_memory --- 可从进程直接访问的共享内存
concurrent 包
concurrent.futures --- 启动并行任务
subprocess --- 子进程管理
sched --- 事件调度器
queue --- 一个同步的队列类
contextvars 上下文变量
_thread --- 底层多线程 API
_dummy_thread --- _thread 的替代模块
dummy_threading --- 可直接替代 threading 模块

网络和进程间通信
asyncio --- 异步 I/O
socket --- 底层网络接口
ssl --- 套接字对象的TLS/SSL封装
select --- 等待 I/O 完成
selectors --- 高级 I/O 复用库
asyncore --- 异步socket处理器
asynchat --- 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器
signal --- 设置异步事件处理程序
mmap --- 内存映射文件支持

互联网数据处理
email --- 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包
json --- JSON 编码和解码器
mailcap --- Mailcap 文件处理
mailbox --- 操作多种格式的邮箱
mimetypes --- 映射文件夹到 MIME 类型
base64 --- Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码
binhex --- 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码
binascii --- 二进制和 ASCII 码互转
quopri --- 编码与解码经过 MIME 转码的可打印数据
uu --- 对 uuencode 文件进行编码与解码

结构化标记处理工具
html --- 超文本标记语言支持
html.parser --- 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
html.entities --- HTML 一般实体的定义
XML处理模块
xml.etree.ElementTree --- ElementTree XML API
xml.dom --- 文档对象模型 API
xml.dom.minidom --- Minimal DOM implementation
xml.dom.pulldom --- 支持构建部分 DOM 树
xml.sax --- 支持 SAX2 解析器
xml.sax.handler --- Base classes for SAX handlers
xml.sax.saxutils --- SAX 工具集
xml.sax.xmlreader --- 用于 XML 解析器的接口
xml.parsers.expat --- Fast XML parsing using Expat

互联网协议和支持
webbrowser --- 方便的Web浏览器控制器
cgi --- Common Gateway Interface support
cgitb --- 用于 CGI 脚本的回溯管理器
wsgiref --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
urllib --- URL 处理模块
urllib.request --- 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
urllib.response --- urllib 使用的 Response 类
urllib.parse 用于解析 URL
urllib.error --- urllib.request 引发的异常类
urllib.robotparser --- robots.txt 语法分析程序
http --- HTTP 模块
http.client --- HTTP 协议客户端
ftplib --- FTP 协议客户端
poplib --- POP3 协议客户端
imaplib --- IMAP4 协议客户端
nntplib --- NNTP protocol client
smtplib ---SMTP协议客户端
smtpd --- SMTP 服务器
telnetlib -- Telnet 客户端
uuid --- UUID objects according to RFC 4122
socketserver --- A framework for network servers
http.server --- HTTP 服务器
http.cookies --- HTTP状态管理
http.cookiejar —— HTTP 客户端的 Cookie 处理
xmlrpc --- XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块
xmlrpc.client --- XML-RPC 客户端访问
xmlrpc.server --- 基本 XML-RPC 服务器
ipaddress --- IPv4/IPv6 操作库

多媒体服务
audioop --- 处理原始音频数据
aifc --- 读写 AIFF 和 AIFC 文件
sunau --- 读写 Sun AU 文件
wave --- 读写WAV格式文件
chunk --- 读取 IFF 分块数据
colorsys --- 颜色系统间的转换
imghdr --- 推测图像类型
sndhdr --- 推测声音文件的类型
ossaudiodev --- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices

国际化
gettext --- 多语种国际化服务
locale --- 国际化服务

程序框架
turtle --- 海龟绘图
cmd --- 支持面向行的命令解释器
shlex --- Simple lexical analysis

Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
tkinter --- Tcl/Tk的Python接口
tkinter.ttk --- Tk主题小部件
tkinter.tix --- Extension widgets for Tk
tkinter.scrolledtext --- 滚动文字控件
IDLE
其他图形用户界面（GUI）包

开发工具
typing --- 类型标注支持
pydoc --- 文档生成器和在线帮助系统
doctest --- 测试交互性的Python示例
unittest --- 单元测试框架
unittest.mock --- 模拟对象库
unittest.mock 上手指南
2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
test --- Python回归测试包
test.support --- Utilities for the Python test suite
test.support.script_helper --- Utilities for the Python execution tests

调试和分析
审计事件表
bdb --- Debugger framework
faulthandler --- Dump the Python traceback
pdb --- Python的调试器
Python Profilers 分析器
timeit --- 测量小代码片段的执行时间
trace --- 跟踪Python语句的执行
tracemalloc --- 跟踪内存分配

软件打包和分发
distutils --- 构建和安装 Python 模块
ensurepip --- Bootstrapping the pip installer
venv --- 创建虚拟环境
zipapp --- Manage executable Python zip archives

Python运行时服务
sys --- 系统相关的参数和函数
sysconfig --- Provide access to Python's configuration information
builtins --- 内建对象
__main__ --- 顶层脚本环境
warnings --- Warning control
dataclasses --- 数据类
contextlib --- 为 with语句上下文提供的工具
abc --- 抽象基类
atexit --- 退出处理器
traceback --- 打印或检索堆栈回溯
__future__ --- Future 语句定义
gc --- 垃圾回收器接口
inspect --- 检查对象
site —— 指定域的配置钩子

自定义 Python 解释器
code --- 解释器基类
codeop --- 编译Python代码

导入模块
zipimport --- 从 Zip 存档中导入模块
pkgutil --- 包扩展工具
modulefinder --- 查找脚本使用的模块
runpy --- Locating and executing Python modules
importlib --- import 的实现
Using importlib.metadata

Python 语言服务
parser --- 访问 Python 解析树
ast --- 抽象语法树
symtable --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables
symbol --- 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量
token --- 与Python解析树一起使用的常量
keyword --- 检验Python关键字
tokenize --- 对 Python 代码使用的标记解析器
tabnanny --- 模糊缩进检测
pyclbr --- Python 模块浏览器支持
py_compile --- 编译 Python 源文件
compileall --- Byte-compile Python libraries
dis --- Python 字节码反汇编器
pickletools --- pickle 开发者工具集

杂项服务
formatter --- 通用格式化输出

Windows系统相关模块
msilib --- Read and write Microsoft Installer files
msvcrt --- 来自 MS VC++ 运行时的有用例程
winreg --- Windows 注册表访问
winsound --- Sound-playing interface for Windows

Unix 专有服务
posix --- 最常见的 POSIX 系统调用
pwd --- 用户密码数据库
spwd --- The shadow password database
grp --- 组数据库
crypt --- Function to check Unix passwords
termios --- POSIX 风格的 tty 控制
tty --- 终端控制功能
pty --- 伪终端工具
fcntl --- The fcntl and ioctl system calls
pipes --- 终端管道接口
resource --- Resource usage information
nis --- Sun 的 NIS (黄页) 接口
Unix syslog 库例程

被取代的模块
optparse --- 解析器的命令行选项
imp --- Access the import internals

未创建文档的模块
平台特定模块

---

英文版：

Text Processing Services
string — Common string operations
re — Regular expression operations
difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
unicodedata — Unicode Database
stringprep — Internet String Preparation
readline — GNU readline interface
rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline

Binary Data Services
struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
codecs — Codec registry and base classes

Data Types
datetime — Basic date and time types
calendar — General calendar-related functions
collections — Container datatypes
collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
heapq — Heap queue algorithm
bisect — Array bisection algorithm
array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
weakref — Weak references
types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
pprint — Data pretty printer
reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
enum — Support for enumerations

Numeric and Mathematical Modules
numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
math — Mathematical functions
cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
fractions — Rational numbers
random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
statistics — Mathematical statistics functions

Functional Programming Modules
itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
operator — Standard operators as functions

File and Directory Access
pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
os.path — Common pathname manipulations
fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
stat — Interpreting stat() results
filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
linecache — Random access to text lines
shutil — High-level file operations

Data Persistence
pickle — Python object serialization
copyreg — Register pickle support functions
shelve — Python object persistence
marshal — Internal Python object serialization
dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases

Data Compression and Archiving
zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
gzip — Support for gzip files
bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
tarfile — Read and write tar archive files

File Formats
csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
configparser — Configuration file parser
netrc — netrc file processing
xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files

Cryptographic Services
hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets

Generic Operating System Services
os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
io — Core tools for working with streams
time — Time access and conversions
argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
getopt — C-style parser for command line options
logging — Logging facility for Python
logging.config — Logging configuration
logging.handlers — Logging handlers
getpass — Portable password input
curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
errno — Standard errno system symbols
ctypes — A foreign function library for Python

Concurrent Execution
threading — Thread-based parallelism
multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
multiprocessing.shared_memory — Provides shared memory for direct access across processes
concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
subprocess — Subprocess management
sched — Event scheduler
queue — A synchronized queue class
contextvars — Context Variables
_thread — Low-level threading API
_dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module
dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module

Networking and Interprocess Communication
asyncio — Asynchronous I/O
socket — Low-level networking interface
ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
select — Waiting for I/O completion
selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing
asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
mmap — Memory-mapped file support

Internet Data Handling
email — An email and MIME handling package
json — JSON encoder and decoder
mailcap — Mailcap file handling
mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
uu — Encode and decode uuencode files

Structured Markup Processing Tools
html — HyperText Markup Language support
html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat

Internet Protocols and Support
webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
urllib — URL handling modules
urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
http — HTTP modules
http.client — HTTP protocol client
ftplib — FTP protocol client
poplib — POP3 protocol client
imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
nntplib — NNTP protocol client
smtplib — SMTP protocol client
smtpd — SMTP Server
telnetlib — Telnet client
uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
socketserver — A framework for network servers
http.server — HTTP servers
http.cookies — HTTP state management
http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library

Multimedia Services
audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
wave — Read and write WAV files
chunk — Read IFF chunked data
colorsys — Conversions between color systems
imghdr — Determine the type of an image
sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices

Internationalization
gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
locale — Internationalization services

Program Frameworks
turtle — Turtle graphics
cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
shlex — Simple lexical analysis

Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget

Development Tools
typing — Support for type hints
pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
doctest — Test interactive Python examples
unittest — Unit testing framework
unittest.mock — mock object library
unittest.mock — getting started
test — Regression tests package for Python
test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests

Debugging and Profiling
bdb — Debugger framework
faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
pdb — The Python Debugger
timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations

Software Packaging and Distribution
distutils — Building and installing Python modules
ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
venv — Creation of virtual environments
zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives

Python Runtime Services
sys — System-specific parameters and functions
sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
builtins — Built-in objects
__main__ — Top-level script environment
warnings — Warning control
dataclasses — Data Classes
contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
abc — Abstract Base Classes
atexit — Exit handlers
traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
__future__ — Future statement definitions
gc — Garbage Collector interface
inspect — Inspect live objects
site — Site-specific configuration hook

Custom Python Interpreters
code — Interpreter base classes
codeop — Compile Python code

Importing Modules
zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
pkgutil — Package extension utility
modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
importlib — The implementation of import

Python Language Services
parser — Access Python parse trees
ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
token — Constants used with Python parse trees
keyword — Testing for Python keywords
tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
pyclbr — Python module browser support
py_compile — Compile Python source files
compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
pickletools — Tools for pickle developers

Miscellaneous Services
formatter — Generic output formatting

MS Windows Specific Services
msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
winreg — Windows registry access
winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows

Unix Specific Services
posix — The most common POSIX system calls
pwd — The password database
spwd — The shadow password database
grp — The group database
crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
termios — POSIX style tty control
tty — Terminal control functions
pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
resource — Resource usage information
nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
syslog — Unix syslog library routines

Superseded Modules
optparse — Parser for command line options
imp — Access the import internals