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WPF-3D图形

2023-02-25 18:22:19 时间

WPF-3D图形

WPF的3D功能可以在不编写任何c#代码的情况下进行绘制,只需要使用xaml即可完成3D图形的渲染。本文主要讲述了WPF-3D中的关键概念, 以及常用到的命中测试、2d控件如何在3D对象中进行渲染,除此之外,还演示了如何导入外部3D模型。

关键概念

视口

视口指的是图像要展示在哪里,可以理解为展示图形的舞台。在WPF中视口使用Viewport3D标签表示。

相机

如果把视口比作舞台,那相机就可以理解为观众的眼睛,不同的眼睛位置会看到不同的角度。

 <Viewport3D>
     <!--相机-->
     <Viewport3D.Camera>
         <!--透视相机-->
         <PerspectiveCamera Position="8,5,10"
                            LookDirection="-7,-2,-10"
                            FarPlaneDistance="40"
                            NearPlaneDistance="10"
                            FieldOfView="60"> 
             <PerspectiveCamera.Transform>
                 <RotateTransform3D CenterX="1.5" CenterY="1" CenterZ="0.5">
                     <RotateTransform3D.Rotation>
                         <AxisAngleRotation3D Angle="45" Axis="0,1,0"/>
                     </RotateTransform3D.Rotation>
                 </RotateTransform3D>
             </PerspectiveCamera.Transform>
         </PerspectiveCamera>
         <!--正交相机,用法类似-->
         <!--<OrthographicCamera/>-->
 </Viewport3D.Camera>

光源

没有光源也就看不到3D对象

 <!--光线-->
 <ModelVisual3D>
     <ModelVisual3D.Content>
         <Model3DGroup>
             <!--散射光线-->
             <AmbientLight Color="#FFF"/>
             <!--平行光-->
             <!--<DirectionalLight Color="#FFF" Direction="0,-1,0"/>-->
             <!--点光源-->
             <!--<PointLight Position="0,0,0"/>-->
             <!--锥形辐射光:手电筒-->
             <!--<SpotLight Position="0,0,0" Direction="0,0,-3"/>-->
         </Model3DGroup>
     </ModelVisual3D.Content>
 </ModelVisual3D>

材质

3D几何对象只是将轮廓定义出来,表面是没有定义的,所以需要使用材质来展现出不同的物体表面。也可以理解为3D几何对象只是勾勒出物体的轮廓,而材质则是上颜色。

 <ModelUIElement3D >
     <ModelUIElement3D.Model>
         <GeometryModel3D>
             <!--材质-->
             <GeometryModel3D.Material>
                 <!--散射材质-->
                 <DiffuseMaterial Brush="Blue"/>
                 <!--镜面材质-->
                 <!--<SpecularMaterial SpecularPower="1" Brush="Blue"/>-->
                 <!--自发光材质-->
                 <!--<EmissiveMaterial Color="Green" />-->
             </GeometryModel3D.Material>
             <GeometryModel3D.Geometry>
                 <MeshGeometry3D Positions="0,0,1 0,2,1 3,2,1 3,0,1
                                            0,0,0 0,2,0 3,2,0 3,0,0"
                                 TriangleIndices="2,3,7 7,6,2 1,5,4 0,1,4"/>
             </GeometryModel3D.Geometry>
         </GeometryModel3D>
     </ModelUIElement3D.Model>
 </ModelUIElement3D>

3D对象

3D对象则是具体的对象,在WPF中视口使用<ModelUIElement3D>标签表示。在WPF中,图形是以三角面片作为最基本的展示单元,因为三角形是最稳定的即三个点可以确定出唯一的一个平面,任何复杂的图形都是由多个三角面片组成的。在给TriangleIndices属性赋值时,一定注意三个点的顺序。

命中测试(鼠标交互)

想要使用鼠标点击得到某个图形,可以在具体的某个3D对象中,增加MouseLeftButtonDown事件

<ModelUIElement3D MouseLeftButtonDown="ModelUIElement3D_MouseLeftButtonDown">事件中可以进行改变颜色等操作

 private void ModelUIElement3D_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)
 {
     ModelUIElement3D mui3d = sender as ModelUIElement3D;
     var model = mui3d.Model as GeometryModel3D;
     (model.Material as DiffuseMaterial).Brush = Brushes.Orange;
 }

如果有很多3D对象,在每个具体的对象上面增加事件会很麻烦,也可以直接在Viewport3D中增加事件

<Viewport3D MouseLeftButtonDown="Viewport3D_MouseLeftButtonDown">在时间中急性转换处理

 private void Viewport3D_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)
 {
     Viewport3D viewport3D=sender as Viewport3D; 
     Point location=e.GetPosition(viewport3D);
     HitTestResult hitTestResult=VisualTreeHelper.HitTest(viewport3D, location);
     if (hitTestResult != null)
     {
         ...//具体操作
     }
 }

3D对象中2D控件渲染

如果要在3D对象中增加控件,可以使用Viewport2DVisual3D标签,实现如下图所示的效果。

 <Viewport3D>
  <Viewport2DVisual3D>
     <Viewport2DVisual3D.Geometry>
         <MeshGeometry3D Positions="0,0,1 0,2,1 3,2,1 3,0,1
                        0,0,0 0,2,0 3,2,0 3,0,0"
             TriangleIndices="0,2,1 0,3,2 6,4,5 6,7,4"
             TextureCoordinates="0,1 0,0 1,0 1,1"/>
         <!--TextureCoordinates:表示的二维平面坐标,原点:左上角-->
     </Viewport2DVisual3D.Geometry>
 ​
     <Viewport2DVisual3D.Material>
         <DiffuseMaterial Viewport2DVisual3D.IsVisualHostMaterial="True" Brush="White"/>
     </Viewport2DVisual3D.Material>
     <Viewport2DVisual3D.Visual>
     <Border BorderThickness="1" BorderBrush="Yellow">
         <StackPanel>
             <TextBlock Text="Hello World" Foreground="Green" />
             <Button Content="Button" Click="Button_Click"/>
         </StackPanel>
     </Border>
     </Viewport2DVisual3D.Visual>
  </Viewport2DVisual3D>
 <Viewport3D>

外部导入3D模型

在wpf中绘制3D模型还是非常麻烦的,在实际工作中用的比较多的是从外部导入已有的3d模型。推荐一个比较好的第三方库HelixToolKit

 <Window x:Class="WpfApp2.MainWindow"
         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp2"
         xmlns:helix="http://helix-toolkit.org/wpf"
         mc:Ignorable="d"
         Title="MainWindow" Height="450" Width="800">
     <Grid>
         <helix:HelixViewport3D  Name="viewPort3d"
                                 ShowViewCube="True"
             ViewCubeBackText="后" ViewCubeFrontText="前" ViewCubeHeight="100" ViewCubeWidth="100" 
             ViewCubeVerticalPosition="Bottom"
             ViewCubeHorizontalPosition="Right"
             
             ShowCoordinateSystem="True"
             CoordinateSystemLabelForeground="Red"
             CoordinateSystemHorizontalPosition="Left"
             CoordinateSystemVerticalPosition="Bottom"
             
             ShowFrameRate="True"
             
             IsViewCubeEdgeClicksEnabled="False">
 ​
 ​
             <helix:HelixViewport3D.Camera>
                 <PerspectiveCamera FieldOfView="45"  
                                    LookDirection="0,0,-414.387754871885" 
                                    FarPlaneDistance="30000"
                                    NearPlaneDistance="0.1" 
                                    Position="9.9475983006414E-14,91.037123633789,414.387754871885" 
                                    UpDirection="0,1,0"/>
             </helix:HelixViewport3D.Camera>
 ​
             <helix:HelixViewport3D.Background>
                 <LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="0.5,1" StartPoint="0.5,0">
                     <GradientStop Color="#444" Offset="0"/>
                     <GradientStop Color="#EEE" Offset="1"/>
                 </LinearGradientBrush>
             </helix:HelixViewport3D.Background>
             <helix:GridLinesVisual3D Width="16000" Length="16000" Thickness="2" MinorDistance="500" MajorDistance="500" Fill="Gray" />
 ​
             <!--很重要,没有灯光场景是黑的-->
             <helix:DefaultLights/>
 ​
             <ModelVisual3D x:Name="model"></ModelVisual3D>
 ​
         </helix:HelixViewport3D>
     </Grid>
 </Window>
 namespace WpfApp2
 {
     public partial class MainWindow : Window
     {
         List<string> modelPaths = new List<string>();
         string basePath = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory + "\\ModelFiles\\";
         public MainWindow()
         {
             InitializeComponent();
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_LINK1_CAD_rev04.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_LINK2_CAD_rev04.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_LINK3_CAD_rev005.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_LINK4_CAD_rev04.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_LINK5_CAD_rev04.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_LINK6_CAD_rev04.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_LINK3_CAD_rev04.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_CABLES_LINK1_rev03.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_CABLES_LINK2_rev03.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_CABLES_LINK3_rev03.stl");
             modelPaths.Add("IRB4600_20kg-250_BASE_CAD_rev04.stl");
 ​
             this.Loaded += MainWindow_Loaded;
 ​
             viewPort3d.RotateGesture = new MouseGesture(MouseAction.RightClick);
             viewPort3d.PanGesture = new MouseGesture(MouseAction.LeftClick);
         }
         private void MainWindow_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
         {
             viewPort3d.Camera.LookDirection = new Vector3D(2038, -5200, -2930);
             viewPort3d.Camera.UpDirection = new Vector3D(-0.145, 0.372, 0.917);
             viewPort3d.Camera.Position = new Point3D(-1571, 4801, 3774);
 ​
             this.model.Content = InitializeModels(this.modelPaths);
         }
 ​
         private Model3DGroup InitializeModels(List<string> modelsNames)
         {
             Model3DGroup group = new Model3DGroup();
             try
             {
                 ModelImporter import = new ModelImporter();
 ​
                 foreach (string modelName in modelsNames)
                 {
                     var materialGroup = new MaterialGroup();
                     Color mainColor = Colors.White;
                     //EmissiveMaterial emissMat = new EmissiveMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(mainColor));
                     DiffuseMaterial diffMat = new DiffuseMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(mainColor));
                     //SpecularMaterial specMat = new SpecularMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(mainColor), 2000);
                     //materialGroup.Children.Add(emissMat);
                     materialGroup.Children.Add(diffMat);
                     //materialGroup.Children.Add(specMat);
 ​
                     var link = import.Load(basePath + modelName);
                     GeometryModel3D model = link.Children[0] as GeometryModel3D;
                     model.Material = materialGroup;
                     model.BackMaterial = materialGroup;
 ​
                     group.Children.Add(link);
                 }
             }
             catch (Exception e)
             {
                 MessageBox.Show("未知异常:" + e.StackTrace);
             }
             return group;
         }
     }
 }

HelixToolKit使用文档