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python面试_如何应对Python面试

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2023-02-26 12:32:21 时间

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**Have you cleared the first round of calls with HR? Are you going for a Python interview in person? If you’re wondering what Python-related questions may be asked, this guide should help.**

**您是否已经完成了与人力资源部的第一轮通话？** **您要亲自面试Python吗？** **如果您想知道可能会询问哪些与Python相关的问题，本指南应该会有所帮助。**

In the first section, we’ll discuss a few questions about Python’s philosophy — those that help you make decisions about the architecture of a project. In the next section, we cover questions related to the Pythonic way of programming — which may manifest in the form of review or finding the output of a code snippet.

在第一部分中，我们将讨论有关Python哲学的一些问题，这些问题可以帮助您做出有关项目体系结构的决策。 在下一节中，我们将讨论与Python编程方式有关的问题-可能以复习或查找代码段输出的形式体现出来。

A word of caution before we start. This guide talks primarily about Python’s built-in capabilities. The aim of this guide is to help you get up to speed with the inherent Python functionalities that enable quick development. So we won’t be able to cover every question you may face from the various types of companies out there.

在我们开始之前请注意。 本指南主要讨论Python的内置功能。 本指南的目的是帮助您快速掌握Python固有的功能，以实现快速开发。 因此，我们将无法涵盖您可能会遇到的来自各种类型公司的每个问题。

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**想要提高您的Python技能并在Swift发展的市场中脱颖而出吗？** 查看[SitePoint Premium][] ！ 您会找到入门书籍(例如[The Python Apprentice][] )和发展工作准备技能(例如[Python的前端测试][Front-end Testing in Python] )。 使用[Python Master][The Python Master]增强您的技能，并访问一个不断发展的图书馆，其中包括关于Web设计和开发的400多种书籍和课程。

## 用Python开发：项目架构 **(**Development in Python: Project Architecture**)** ##

### 什么是Python？ 为什么要使用Python？ **(**What is Python? Why should you use Python?**)** ###

If you’re interviewing for a Python role, you should have a clear idea of what Python is and how it’s different from other programming languages. Here are a few key points regarding Python that you should be aware of.

如果要面试Python角色，则应该清楚地了解Python是什么以及它与其他编程语言的不同之处。 这里是您应该了解的有关Python的一些关键点。

First, you should not be wrong about the etymology. A large section of Python programmers wrongly think that Guido van Rossum named it after the snake! On the contrary, Python is named after British sketch comedy [Monty Python’s Flying Circus][Monty Python_s Flying Circus].

首先，您应该在词源上没有错。 很大一部分Python程序员错误地认为Guido van Rossum用蛇命名了它！ 相反，Python以英国素描喜剧片[Monty Python的Flying Circus][Monty Python_s Flying Circus]命名。

Next, Python is a high level, object-oriented, interpreted programming language. This means that Python code is executed line by line. Python is also dynamically typed, as it doesn’t require you to specify the type of variables when declaring them.

接下来，Python是一种高级的，面向对象的，解释性编程语言。 这意味着Python代码是逐行执行的。 Python也是动态类型的，因为它不需要您在声明变量时指定变量的类型。

Given Python’s ease of use, it has found uses for common automation tasks. Python is often the go-to scripting choice for programmers who know multiple languages. With the increasing popularity of Python-based web frameworks like Django and Flask, Python’s share of the pie has increased significantly in recent years.

鉴于Python的易用性，它已发现可用于常见的自动化任务。 对于了解多种语言的程序员来说，Python通常是首选的脚本选择。 随着基于Django和Flask的基于Python的Web框架的日益普及，近年来，Python的市场份额显着增加。

### Python的局限性 **(**Limitations of Python**)** ###

While it’s good to know about the capabilities of a programming language, it’s also good to be aware of its limitations to truly comprehend the situations you need to be wary of.

了解编程语言的功能固然很好，但也要意识到其局限性，才能真正理解您需要警惕的情况。

The first limitation of Python is execution speed. Though development in Python is quick, executing a similar block of Python code is often slower compared to compiled languages such as C++. For this reason, hackathons often give Python programs some extra time for execution. There are ways to circumvent this issue, though. For instance, you can integrate Python with a compiled language like C to perform the core processing through the other language.

Python的第一个限制是执行速度。 尽管Python的开发速度很快，但是与C ++这样的编译语言相比，执行类似的Python代码块通常速度较慢。 因此，hackathon通常会给Python程序一些额外的执行时间。 但是，有一些方法可以规避此问题。 例如，您可以将Python与C之类的编译语言集成在一起，以通过另一种语言执行核心处理。

In a world which is going mobile first, Python is not native to mobile development. You will rarely find mobile applications developed in Python. The two major mobile operating systems, Android and iOS, don’t support Python as an official programming language.

在移动优先的世界中，Python并不是移动开发的本机。 您几乎找不到使用Python开发的移动应用程序。 Android和iOS这两种主要的移动操作系统不支持Python作为官方编程语言。

### 包装确定：Django vs Flask **(**Package Determination: Django vs Flask**)** ###

In addition to Python’s capabilities and limitations, a category of questions that are popular in interviews focuses around choosing between packages based on your requirements. Let’s look at one approach that you may take when tackling such questions.

除了Python的功能和局限性外，在访谈中很常见的一类问题集中在根据您的需求在软件包之间进行选择。 让我们看看解决这些问题时可能采取的一种方法。

Let’s say you’re given a choice between Django and Flask to start a web application. The answer to this question should lie within an amalgamation of the requirements of the project and the culture of the organization.

假设您可以在Django和Flask之间选择启动一个Web应用程序。 这个问题的答案应该在于项目需求和组织文化的融合。

At the outset, you should know that with the use of plugins, there’s no right answer here: you can create the similar applications using either framework. However, there’s a stark difference between the design philosophies of each framework. Flask provides you the bare minimum features for you to create a web application like URL routing, templating, unit testing and a development server, thereby giving you a lot of freedom to design your application. On the other hand, Django provides you a large array of built in features from the beginning — database support, extensive admin functionality, and security features.

首先，您应该知道使用插件，这里没有正确的答案：您可以使用任一框架创建类似的应用程序。 但是，每个框架的设计理念之间存在明显的差异。 Flask为您提供了创建Web应用程序的最低限度的功能，例如URL路由，模板，单元测试和开发服务器，从而为您提供了设计应用程序的大量自由。 另一方面，Django从一开始就为您提供了大量内置功能-数据库支持，广泛的管理功能和安全功能。

If you’re building an application that will use relational databases, with a lot of dynamic content, you should probably choose Django. However, if you’re looking for a lot of freedom in your project, you should opt for Flask.

如果您要构建一个使用关系数据库的应用程序，并且具有很多动态内容，则应该选择Django。 但是，如果您在项目中寻求更多自由，则应选择Flask。

## Pythonic编程方式 **(**Pythonic Way of Programming**)** ##

A significant part of a Python interview consists of hands-on programming. It may be in the form of finding the output or reviewing code snippets, or simply a discussion on specific Python features that would help in certain scenarios. In this section, we look at various features and guidelines for Python development.

Python访谈的重要部分包括动手编程。 它的形式可能是查找输出或查看代码段，或者只是讨论在某些情况下会有所帮助的特定Python功能。 在本节中，我们将介绍Python开发的各种功能和指南。

### 循环`zip`并`enumerate` **(**Looping `zip` and `enumerate`**)** ###

The way you create loops in Python is different from other programming languages. Python’s built-in functions `zip` and `enumerate` help you create more effective loops that run quicker. Let’s see the demonstration of these two functions.

在Python中创建循环的方式与其他编程语言不同。 Python的内置函数`zip`和`enumerate`帮助您创建更有效的循环，从而更快地运行。 让我们看一下这两个功能的演示。

Suppose you’d like to access corresponding elements from two different lists. You could loop over the length of the lists and access the corresponding element from each list. For instance, the following code prints the car and its corresponding manufacturer:

假设您要访问两个不同列表中的相应元素。 您可以遍历列表的长度，并从每个列表访问相应的元素。 例如，以下代码将打印汽车及其相应的制造商：

cars = ['CR-V', 'Silverado', 'F-150']
    manufacturers = ['Honda', 'GM', 'Ford']
    
    for i in range(len(cars)):
      print(cars[i], manufacturers[i])

This can be achieved using a simpler function in Python, `zip`:

这可以使用Python中的一个更简单的功能`zip` ：

for car, manufacturer in zip(cars, manufacturers):
      print(car, manufacturer)

In this example, `zip` creates pairs between the elements of the two lists. It may also be used to join more than two lists.

在此示例中， `zip`在两个列表的元素之间创建对。 它也可以用于加入两个以上的列表。

Let’s see how `enumerate` works. If you’d like to access the index as well as the value of elements of a list, you could run the following snippet:

让我们看看`enumerate`是如何工作的。 如果您想访问索引以及列表元素的值，则可以运行以下代码段：

for i in range(len(cars)):
      print (i, cars[i])

However, the `enumerate` function does the same task:

但是， `enumerate`函数执行相同的任务：

for i, car in enumerate(cars):
      print (i, car)

Use of `zip` and `enumerate` not only makes your code condense, but makes it run faster too.

使用`zip`和`enumerate`不仅使您的代码紧凑，而且使它运行起来也更快。

### 单行列表操作 **(**Single-line List Operations**)** ###

If you’d like to modify elements of a list, you may wish to use a function like `map`, perhaps as follows:

如果要修改列表的元素，则可能希望使用`map`这样的函数，如下所示：

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    
    def squared(num):
      return num**2
    
    squares = map(squared, numbers)

However, Python allows single-line list operations to achieve such tasks. Two ways of achieving the same task are shown below:

但是，Python允许单行列表操作来完成这些任务。 下面显示了完成同一任务的两种方法：

squares = [squared(x) for x in numbers]
    squares = [x**2 for x in numbers]

Further, you can use a single line `if ... else` statements within such an operation too:

此外， `if ... else`在此类操作中使用`if ... else`语句，也可以使用一行：

square_only_evens = [x**2 if x%2 == 0 else x for x in numbers]

You can also use [lambda expressions][] in these single-line operations.

您还可以在这些单行操作中使用[lambda表达式][lambda expressions] 。

### 用`pdb`调试 **(**Debugging with `pdb`**)** ###

While you may use print statements to debug your code in other programming languages, Python comes with an in-built debugger, `pdb`. Insert the following line of code in your program, and execution stops at that line for you to debug the environment:

尽管您可以使用print语句以其他编程语言调试代码，但Python附带了一个内置调试器`pdb` 。 在程序中插入以下代码行，然后在该行停止执行以调试环境：

import pdb; pdb.set_trace()

All variables and functions available till that point are available for you to inspect and find any error.

到那时为止，所有可用的变量和函数都可供您检查和发现任何错误。

### 数据结构 **(**Data Structures**)** ###

To utilize the full capabilities of Python, you must be comfortable with the built-in data structures. A list is a collection of items, which may not be of the same type. A tuple is similar to a list, but is immutable. A set is an unordered collection of items and doesn’t have any duplicates. A dictionary is a collection of key–value pairs.

要利用Python的全部功能，您必须熟悉内置的数据结构。 列表是项目的集合，可能不是同一类型。 元组类似于列表，但是是不可变的。 集合是项目的无序集合，没有任何重复项。 字典是键-值对的集合。

You must be aware of various situations in which these data structures may be used.

您必须了解可能会使用这些数据结构的各种情况。

## 最后的想法 **(**Final Thoughts**)** ##

With this, we come to the end of our considerations for a Python interview. Hopefully they’ve provided you with some helpful guidelines on how to prepare for your next interview. Good luck!

至此，我们结束了对Python采访的思考。 希望他们为您提供了一些有关如何准备下一次面试的有用指导。 祝好运！

--------------------

**Find your next remote Python job with [SitePoint Remote][], where we handpick the best remote jobs for developers, designers and digital professionals.**

**通过[SitePoint Remote][]查找您的下一个远程Python作业，我们在其中为开发人员，设计师和数字专业人员精心挑选最佳的远程作业。**

> 翻译自: [https://www.sitepoint.com/tackle-python-interview/][https_www.sitepoint.com_tackle-python-interview]

python面试

[SitePoint Premium]: https://www.sitepoint.com/premium/library
[The Python Apprentice]: https://www.sitepoint.com/premium/books/the-python-apprentice/
[Front-end Testing in Python]: https://www.sitepoint.com/premium/books/front-end-testing-in-python-a-detailed-guide/
[The Python Master]: https://www.sitepoint.com/premium/books/the-python-master/
[Monty Python_s Flying Circus]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus
[lambda expressions]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions
[SitePoint Remote]: https://www.sitepoint.com/jobs/
[https_www.sitepoint.com_tackle-python-interview]: https://www.sitepoint.com/tackle-python-interview/

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